iGen or shyGen? Generational Differences in Shyness.

Generation Z (1997-2012) has been characterized in the popular media as more socially inhibited, cautious, and risk averse than prior generations, but are these differences found between generations on an empirical level? And, if so, are these differences observable within generations in response to acute events such as the COVID-19 pandemic? Using a simplified time-lagged design to control for age effects, we examined between-group differences in self-reported shyness in young adult participants (N = 806, age: 17-25 years) at the same developmental age and university from the millennial generation (tested: 1999-2001; n = 266, Mage = 19.67 years, 72.9% female) and Generation Z (tested: 2018-2020), the latter generation stratified into prepandemic (n = 263, M = 18.86 years, 82.4% female) and midpandemic (n = 277, Mage = 18.67 years, 79.6% female) groups. After first establishing measurement invariance to ensure trustworthy group comparisons, we found significantly higher mean levels of shyness across each successive cohort, starting with millennials, through Generation Z before the pandemic, to Generation Z during the pandemic.

Social withdrawal and shyness

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of the construct of social withdrawal. It describes the developmental origins, with an emphasis on the contributions of biology and parents, and details the psychosocial costs of child and adolescent social withdrawal. Social withdrawal and shyness appear to develop from a biologically based temperamental predisposition toward heightened fear reactivity and ineffective fear regulation. From early childhood through adolescence, shyness is concurrently and predictively associated with a wide range of socioemotional difficulties. The chapter outlines the correlates and outcomes of shyness, with a focus on implications for social development. Numerous studies also indicate that many socially withdrawn youth experience peer victimization during childhood and early adolescence. The chapter suggests the potential impact of increased social isolation and solitude on socially withdrawn youth during Covid-19 global pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic, however, may be particularly challenging for already vulnerable socially withdrawn youth. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Examining links between social withdrawal subtypes and internalizing problems among Italian primary school children

The study aimed to explore links between social withdrawal subtypes and internalizing problems among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were N = 748 children (387 girls) aged 7–11 years (M = 8.91, SD = 1.07) attending primary schools in Italy. Children completed an online questionnaire assessing subtypes of social withdrawal (i.e., shyness, social avoidance, unsociability) and indices of internalizing problems (i.e., social anxiety, loneliness, depression). Among the results, shyness was positively associated with social anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Unsociability was related to depression but not to social anxiety and loneliness. Social avoidance was positively related to loneliness and depression (particularly among older children) and negatively associated with social anxiety (particularly among boys). Results are also discussed in terms of the implications of the different subtypes of social withdrawal in late childhood and early adolescence.

Families with Special Needs Children in Turkey during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic period, distance education is attempted at all levels of education in Turkey and the world. The present study examines how the education process is shaped during the COVID-19 period for children with special needs and their families. The case study design was implemented as a qualitative research method. The study group sample was composed of 11 parents who reside in various districts of the city of Istanbul and who have children with special needs attending special education rehabilitation centers. The interviews conducted in the scope of the study showed that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic process on children with special needs had behavioral and social-emotional reflections. Behavioral problems and reflections in behavioral difficulties in children with special needs were observed as a disability in comprehension due to developmental issues, hypermobility, and pandemic period's positive influence. In terms of reflections of social-emotional problems, children with special needs experience shyness due to being ridiculed. The study concluded that children feel the need to go out of their home and feel fear/anxiety and longing for the family to move to another city. The research results showed that children could not perform activities due to boredom, screen addiction, and missing friends. Interviews suggested that the COVID-19 process created specific needs and problems for parents and social-emotional reflections. Problems experienced by the families were determined as health problems, inability to spare time for other siblings, conflict between spouses, distress due to not being able to go out, mother being the only parent responsible for child- care, financial difficulties and educational guidance. Overall results of the study suggest that necessary measures need to be taken to ensure that children with special needs receive one-to-one education.

Understanding restaurant users’ attitudes towards self-service ordering via kiosks during the COVID-19 pandemic: An application of the theory of anxiety

This study aims to prepare a comprehensive self-service technology model that incorporates the hygiene and health issues throughout the restaurant industry amid pandemics. To this end, this study explores psychological responses to the environmental threat caused by COVID-19 which impacts attitudes toward self-service kiosks in the restaurant industry in terms of the theory of anxiety. This study utilizes a mixed-method sequential exploratory design. The qualitative phase found four psychological attributes associated with respondents' attitudes towards kiosks: anxiety towards COVID-19, timidity, perceived control, and intolerance for tardy service. Among the psychological attribute factors, anxiety towards COVID-19 was identified as the strongest predictor of customers' attitudes towards kiosks in the quantitative phase. This study attests that the anxiety mechanism works in explaining restaurant customers' attitudes towards kiosks in the restaurant industry. The comprehensive research model explains in a timely manner the value of kiosk service in rapid social and market changes.

Examining links between social withdrawal subtypes and internalizing problems among Italian primary school children

The study aimed to explore links between social withdrawal subtypes and internalizing problems among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were N = 748 children (387 girls) aged 7–11 years (M = 8.91, SD = 1.07) attending primary schools in Italy. Children completed an online questionnaire assessing subtypes of social withdrawal (i.e., shyness, social avoidance, unsociability) and indices of internalizing problems (i.e., social anxiety, loneliness, depression). Among the results, shyness was positively associated with social anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Unsociability was related to depression but not to social anxiety and loneliness. Social avoidance was positively related to loneliness and depression (particularly among older children) and negatively associated with social anxiety (particularly among boys). Results are also discussed in terms of the implications of the different subtypes of social withdrawal in late childhood and early adolescence. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of European Journal of Developmental Psychology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Social shyness as a predictor of job satisfaction and psychological distress among health workers (Nursing)

Background: The individual faces in his life many stressful situations, which include different experiences desirable, events involving a lot of sources of anxiety, risk factors, and threat in All areas of life, and the effects of these stressful situations may be reflected on most aspects of a person's life. The individual, life in today's world, is a life of epidemics and terror, anxiety and turmoil, and mania and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Aim of the study Identifying the relationship of social shyness and a flexible measure of psychological family job damage to the response of the research sample. Awareness of the impact of the social impact and its predictive ability on the job impact of the research. Identifying the effect of social shyness and its predictive ability on psychological distress among the research sample. Methods:The study community comprised doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians, radiology, and staff reception in National Guard Hospital Dammam, Saudi Arabia, and comprising (450) individuals. In the current study, the researchers used the descriptive correlative approach as it fits with the objectives and hypotheses of the study as it provides an understanding of social shyness and its relationship to both satisfaction of the job and psychological distress. Results: The study sample comprised 55.5% of males and 44.5% of females, as they show that the sample of the research contains 41% of doctors and 36% of Nursing, 17% Labs and x-rays technicians, and 7% Reception staff. Also, the sample shows that 62% of jobs have direct contact with patients, 23% have indirect contact, and 16% have no direct or indirect contact with patients. Conclusion: Through the findings of this study, it is possible to suggest some research and studiesfuture:Social shyness and its relationship to the psychological resilience of health workers during the Corona pandemic. Psychological distress and its relationship to job satisfaction among health workers during the Corona pandemic. The effectiveness of a selective counseling program in reducing social shyness and improving the level of job satisfaction among health workers during the Corona pandemic. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research (Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research) is the property of Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Links between Child Shyness and Indices of Internalizing Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Positivity.

Shyness in childhood has been linked to socio-emotional difficulties such as anxiety, depression, and loneliness. On the contrary, positivity (i.e., a personal tendency to see oneself, life, and future in a positive light) has been described as a protective factor. Given the challenges experienced by children during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., closure of school and confinement), we aimed to test the potential protective role of positivity and how it may link child shyness and indices of internalizing problems (i.e., anxiety, depression, loneliness) during the first wave of the pandemic. Participants were N = 236 children (Mage = 9.25 years, SD = 1.20) from Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, the three worst-hit countries in Europe when the data were collected (April-June, 2020). Children completed online self-evaluation scales to assess temperamental shyness, positivity, and indices of internalizing problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results from a multivariate regression analysis revealed significant interaction effects between shyness and positivity in the prediction of outcome variables. Follow-up simple slope analyses indicated that shyness was positively related to depression only among children with lower levels of positivity. The study highlights the role of children's positivity in buffering the pernicious link between shyness and their negative feelings during the pandemic. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.